- 第 2 页 -
the difference between average level and clip points has been call the “headroom”.
——Bob katz《Mastering Audio: The Art and the Science》
平均电平和CLIP（削波）点之间的差值就叫HEADROOM。
——Bob katz《Mastering Audio: The Art and the Science》
Clipping is one form of distortion that occurs when an amplifier is overdriven, which happens when it attempts to increase voltage or current beyond its limits.
因为振幅过载的而出现的失真现象叫Clipping（削波），在尝试提高电压或者电流时，超过的限制，而发生的情况。
When an amplifier is asked to create a signal greater than its maximum capacity, it will amplify the signal only up to its maximum capacity, at which point the signal will be amplified no further. As the signal simply "cuts" or "clips" at the maximum capacity of the amplifier, the signal is said to be "clipped." The extra signal which is beyond the capability of the amplifier is simply cut off, resulting in a fixed signal. Note that this fixed signal suffers from other forms of distortion, such as total harmonic distortion.
当一个放大器输出的信号大于他自身的最大容载，他就只会把信号放大到放大器自身最大容载点上，信号就不会再被放大了。信号在放大器的容载点上完全的被CUT（chip）掉了，那么这个信号就是被“clip”了，只剩下容载点以内的信号了。而剩下的信号，所产生的失真就叫：总谐波失真（total harmonic distortion）。
Many electric guitar players intentionally overdrive their guitar amplifiers to cause clipping in order to get a desired sound. See Guitar distortion. Amplifiers with vacuum tubes are often considered to have a better sound.
许多电吉他手故意的让他们的吉他放大器过载产生削波，为的就是他们想要的声音。吉他失真，用真空管放大器经常能得到一个很不错的声音。
In digital signal processing, clipping occurs when the signal is restricted by the range of a chosen representation. For example in a system using 16-bit signed integers, 32767 is the largest positive value that can be represented, and if during processing the amplitude of the signal is doubled, sample values of 32000 should become 64000, but instead they are truncated to the maximum, 32767. Clipping is preferable to the alternative in digital systems — wrapping occurs if the digital hardware is allowed to "overflow", ignoring the most significant bits of the magnitude, and sometimes even the sign of the sample value, resulting in terrible distortion of the signal.
在数字信号处理中，当信号受制与一个表示法的范围，就会产生削波（表示法＝16bit 24bit等等）；文中是用数学角度来说这个过载的，我想我用dB来说可能好点，16bit＝96dB，你超过了这个动态范围你就是过载，同样超过24bit的144dB动态范围就是过载，会产生削波。
这里说clipping是想突出LIMITER的关系，如果你用了过多的LIMITER，声音同样会出现削波情况，所以limit插件最好少用。
Differences between clipping and compression（削波和压缩之间的不同）
Limiting or clipping （限制 与 削波）
Gain is a linear operation. "Gain compression" is not linear and, as such, its effect is one of distortion, due to the nonlinearity of the transfer characteristic which also, causes a loss of 'slope' or 'differential' gain. So the output is less than expected using the small signal gain of the amplifier.
音量增益是一个线性操作。“音量增益压缩”是一个非线性的，而且他的效果本身就是失真，对应与他的传输特性，产生了一些“斜率”或者“微分”增益的损失。所以在output的小信号的放大器增益中输出是比预想的小。（其实这个损失就是压缩图例里面的拐点）
· In clipping, the signal is abruptly limited to a certain amplitude and is thereby distorted in keeping under that level. This creates extra harmonics that are not present in the original signal.
削波，是信号中的某一增幅被突然间地（很突然，很唐突的）限制了，以及所有的失真都是低于这个电平点的。这会导致某些在原信号没有的谐波出现。（失真）
"Soft" clipping or limiting means there isn't a sharp "knee point" in the transfer characteristic. A sine wave that has been softly clipped will become more like a square wave, with more rounded edges, but will still have many extra harmonics.
“软”削波或者限制意思是锋利的“拐点”不存在于传输特性中。一个正弦波会在柔软的clipped中会变得很类似方波，但有比方波“圆润”很多，没有那么锋利。但依然出现很多额外的谐波；
此文章可以做一些参考，多从GOOGLE或者其他网站找资料吧，非常建议在WWW.ANSWERS.COM找一些基础的理论资料。因为他的范围比GOOGLE小一点，比较好找。
[ 本帖最后由 Ying 于 2006-7-9 09:49 编辑 ]
——Bob katz《Mastering Audio: The Art and the Science》
平均电平和CLIP（削波）点之间的差值就叫HEADROOM。
——Bob katz《Mastering Audio: The Art and the Science》
Clipping is one form of distortion that occurs when an amplifier is overdriven, which happens when it attempts to increase voltage or current beyond its limits.
因为振幅过载的而出现的失真现象叫Clipping（削波），在尝试提高电压或者电流时，超过的限制，而发生的情况。
When an amplifier is asked to create a signal greater than its maximum capacity, it will amplify the signal only up to its maximum capacity, at which point the signal will be amplified no further. As the signal simply "cuts" or "clips" at the maximum capacity of the amplifier, the signal is said to be "clipped." The extra signal which is beyond the capability of the amplifier is simply cut off, resulting in a fixed signal. Note that this fixed signal suffers from other forms of distortion, such as total harmonic distortion.
当一个放大器输出的信号大于他自身的最大容载，他就只会把信号放大到放大器自身最大容载点上，信号就不会再被放大了。信号在放大器的容载点上完全的被CUT（chip）掉了，那么这个信号就是被“clip”了，只剩下容载点以内的信号了。而剩下的信号，所产生的失真就叫：总谐波失真（total harmonic distortion）。
Many electric guitar players intentionally overdrive their guitar amplifiers to cause clipping in order to get a desired sound. See Guitar distortion. Amplifiers with vacuum tubes are often considered to have a better sound.
许多电吉他手故意的让他们的吉他放大器过载产生削波，为的就是他们想要的声音。吉他失真，用真空管放大器经常能得到一个很不错的声音。
In digital signal processing, clipping occurs when the signal is restricted by the range of a chosen representation. For example in a system using 16-bit signed integers, 32767 is the largest positive value that can be represented, and if during processing the amplitude of the signal is doubled, sample values of 32000 should become 64000, but instead they are truncated to the maximum, 32767. Clipping is preferable to the alternative in digital systems — wrapping occurs if the digital hardware is allowed to "overflow", ignoring the most significant bits of the magnitude, and sometimes even the sign of the sample value, resulting in terrible distortion of the signal.
在数字信号处理中，当信号受制与一个表示法的范围，就会产生削波（表示法＝16bit 24bit等等）；文中是用数学角度来说这个过载的，我想我用dB来说可能好点，16bit＝96dB，你超过了这个动态范围你就是过载，同样超过24bit的144dB动态范围就是过载，会产生削波。
这里说clipping是想突出LIMITER的关系，如果你用了过多的LIMITER，声音同样会出现削波情况，所以limit插件最好少用。
Differences between clipping and compression（削波和压缩之间的不同）
Limiting or clipping （限制 与 削波）
Gain is a linear operation. "Gain compression" is not linear and, as such, its effect is one of distortion, due to the nonlinearity of the transfer characteristic which also, causes a loss of 'slope' or 'differential' gain. So the output is less than expected using the small signal gain of the amplifier.
音量增益是一个线性操作。“音量增益压缩”是一个非线性的，而且他的效果本身就是失真，对应与他的传输特性，产生了一些“斜率”或者“微分”增益的损失。所以在output的小信号的放大器增益中输出是比预想的小。（其实这个损失就是压缩图例里面的拐点）
· In clipping, the signal is abruptly limited to a certain amplitude and is thereby distorted in keeping under that level. This creates extra harmonics that are not present in the original signal.
削波，是信号中的某一增幅被突然间地（很突然，很唐突的）限制了，以及所有的失真都是低于这个电平点的。这会导致某些在原信号没有的谐波出现。（失真）
"Soft" clipping or limiting means there isn't a sharp "knee point" in the transfer characteristic. A sine wave that has been softly clipped will become more like a square wave, with more rounded edges, but will still have many extra harmonics.
“软”削波或者限制意思是锋利的“拐点”不存在于传输特性中。一个正弦波会在柔软的clipped中会变得很类似方波，但有比方波“圆润”很多，没有那么锋利。但依然出现很多额外的谐波；
此文章可以做一些参考，多从GOOGLE或者其他网站找资料吧，非常建议在WWW.ANSWERS.COM找一些基础的理论资料。因为他的范围比GOOGLE小一点，比较好找。
[ 本帖最后由 Ying 于 2006-7-9 09:49 编辑 ]
观众反应
原帖由 mhmus 于 2006-7-9 13:10 发表
这个一定要顶,先前我还分不清DBu和DBFS呢
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-db-volt.htm
从这里接可以了解一下dB家族之间的转换。
http://xfl.lygchina.com/home/data/2005/1028/article_238.htm
这里能基本了解dB家族之间的定义。