一般國際間的使用。 European & UK calibration for Post& Film: −18 dBFS = 0 VU
BBC spec: −18 dBFS = PPM "4" = 0 dBu
American Post: −20 dBFS = 0 VU = +4 dBu
German ARD & studio PPM +6 dBu = −10 (−9) dBFS. +16 (+15) dBu = 0 dBFS. NoVU.
EBU R68-2000 - The European Broadcasting Union : Digital Level -9 dBFs Maximum