录音 / 混音

Reed Instruments

Reed instruments include the clarinet, saxophone, oboe and bassoon amongst others, but I will concentrate mainly on the clarinet and sax as these are the most common in popular music. However, the principles discussed here apply broadly to the whole family.

Like the brass instruments, the clarinet matured dramatically in the late 1800s, acquiring the complex mechanism of keys we know today -- modern clarinets are also a little brighter and louder than those of Mozart's period (because the reeds used tend to be larger and softer).

Blowing across the reed forces it to vibrate, and thus stimulate a column of air within the tube of the instrument to vibrate in sympathy. The effective length of the tube is determined by the keys which reveal holes setting the acoustic length of the resonant pipe. The key mechanism is merely a practical method of allowing human fingers to cover and control the numerous widely spaced holes.

The clarinet produces a sound in which the odd-numbered harmonics tend to predominate over the even-numbered ones, although in the very highest registers the even harmonics become stronger. The prevalence of odd harmonics creates the characteristic 'hollow' sound quality, and these extend well beyond 12kHz for the higher notes. The clarinet probably has the widest dynamic range of any wind instrument, with the quietest notes producing around 35dB SPL (close to room ambience) and the loudest about 90dB SPL (at 2m). However, like all wind instruments, the dynamic range reduces in the higher registers because there is a minimum level below which it is not possible to 'blow' a note.

The saxophone is, by any standards, an odd instrument combining a conical brass tube vaguely similar to that of a trumpet, with a reed mouthpiece like a clarinet's! It was designed for use in military bands by a very influential German instrument maker called Adolphe Sax who patented his Saxophone in 1846. The instrument's late arrival on the musical scene has precluded it from anything more than a rare appearance in the classical orchestra, although it is a mainstay of big bands, military (concert) bands, and of course jazz and pop music. Not surprisingly, it shares acoustic characteristics with both the brass and reed family, although it is closer to the clarinet than anything else.

Capable of a very wide dynamic range and possessing a rich combination of harmonics which extend well up to the 12kHz region and higher, the saxophone is, to all intents and purposes, a metal-bodied clarinet. However, the increased size of the pipe bore makes it capable of greater volume, and the bell means that it radiates sound differently.

2.簧管乐器（木管乐器）`
    簧管乐器就是木管乐器,因为他们的范围是相同的都包括单簧管（黑管）、双簧管、萨克斯、巴松等。在此将集中介绍在现代流行音乐中使用较多的黑管和萨克斯两种。但这里所谈到的原则和原理都是整个木管乐器家庭共同的。
就象铜管乐器一样，我们今天可以所认识的黑管其实是在1800s后获得机械控制键后完成的，而现代的黑管与莫扎特时代的相比音色较明亮，音量也更大了。
木管的发生原理是：通过吹气使簧片震动，由此来改变木管管身内的空气压力使其发生同时振动。而管身的内部空间可以通过本身的按键来改变，从而产生不同的音高的振动。而这些键不过是人们在实践中为控制好距离较远的“孔”来演奏而诞生的产物。
黑管产生的声音，其中的不稳定泛音明显超过它的稳定泛音，尽管它高音区的稳定泛音较强。但占优势的不稳定泛音却创造了单簧管空洞声音效果的特性，而且还把高音区向上扩展到了12KHz的范围。.黑管或许在管乐器中有最大的音量动态范围，它最小音量可产生大约35分贝左右的SPL(声压强度) ,在2米距离的最大音量大约在90分贝左右的SPL。可是，就象所有的管乐器一样，因为在高音区以很弱的气息根本吹不出高音，所以黑管在高音区的音量动态范围也就必然缩小。
萨克斯是由德国著名的乐器制造者Adolphe Sax在1846年制作用于军队的乐器，从某种意义上可以说是一种由单个乐器合成的合成乐器，它拥有类似小号的铜管乐器管身和喇叭口，还拥有象黑管那样的簧片吹口。所以，它也就同时拥有了铜管家族和簧管家族（木管）两方面的音响特点，但是更进一步来说萨克斯的特点更接近簧管（木管）乐器一些。.萨克斯虽然可以说是大型爵士乐段、军乐团、爵士乐、流行乐的主要乐器，但是它在大型的管弦乐队却很少露面。
.萨克斯有很宽的频率动态范围可以达到12KHz或更高的区域.实际上萨克斯就是一个有”金属身体”的黑管。然而,如果增萨克斯管身上孔的尺寸可是使音量变的更大，如果增大喇叭口的尺寸意味着声音的放射范围会被改变。